Respiratory - CPAP Masks and Interfaces

As many as one in 10 patients experience dyspnoea at hospital admission but the relationship between dyspnoea and patient outcomes is unknown. We sought to determine whether dyspnoea on admission predicts outcomes. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single, academic medical centre. We analysed 67 362 consecutive hospital admissions with available data on dyspnoea, pain and outcomes. As part of the Initial Patient Assessment by nurses, patients rated breathing discomfort using a 0 to 10 scale (10=unbearable). Patients reported dyspnoea at the time of admission and recalled dyspnoea experienced in the 24 h prior to admission. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, 2-year mortality, length of stay, need for rapid response system activation, transfer to the intensive care unit, discharge to extended care, and 7- and 30-day all-cause readmission to the same institution. ...

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Background Prenatal vitamin D 3 supplementation has been linked to reduced risk of early-life asthma/recurrent wheeze. This protective effect appears to be influenced by variations in the 17q21 functional single nucleotide polymorphism rs12936231 of the child, which regulates the expression of ORMDL3 (ORM1-like 3) and for which the high-risk CC genotype is associated with early-onset asthma. However, this does not fully explain the differential effects of supplementation. We investigated the influence of maternal rs12936231 genotype variation on the protective effect of prenatal vitamin D 3 supplementation against offspring asthma/recurrent wheeze. Methods We determined the rs12936231 genotype of mother–child pairs from two randomised controlled trials: the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART, n=613) and the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Chil...

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Cues such as odours that do not per se evoke bronchoconstriction can become triggers of asthma exacerbations. Despite its clinical significance, the neural basis of this respiratory nocebo effect is unknown. We investigated this effect in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study involving 36 healthy volunteers. The experiment consisted of an experience phase in which volunteers experienced dyspnoea while being exposed to an odorous gas (Histarinol). Volunteers were told that Histarinol induces dyspnoea by bronchoconstriction. This was compared with another odorous gas which did not evoke dyspnoea. Dyspnoea was actually induced by a concealed, resistive load inserted into the breathing system. In a second, expectation phase, Histarinol and the control gas were both followed by an identical, very mild load. Respiration parameters were continuously recorded and participants ...

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Background Observational studies suggest an association between reduced lung function and risk of coronary artery disease and ischaemic stroke, independent of shared cardiovascular risk factors such as cigarette smoking. We use the latest genetic epidemiological methods to determine whether impaired lung function is causally associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods and findings Mendelian randomisation uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate causation. Preliminary analysis used two-sample Mendelian randomisation with lung function single nucleotide polymorphisms. To avoid collider bias, the main analysis used single nucleotide polymorphisms for lung function identified from UKBiobank in a multivariable Mendelian randomisation model conditioning for height, body mass index and smoking. Multivariable Mendelian randomisation shows st...

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Objectives Combined assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), COPD and lung cancer may improve the effectiveness of lung cancer screening in smokers. The aims were to derive and assess risk models for predicting lung cancer incidence, CVD mortality and COPD mortality by combining quantitative computed tomography (CT) measures from each disease, and to quantify the added predictive benefit of self-reported patient characteristics given the availability of a CT scan. Methods A survey model (patient characteristics only), CT model (CT information only) and final model (all variables) were derived for each outcome using parsimonious Cox regression on a sample from the National Lung Screening Trial (n=15 000). Validation was performed using Multicentric Italian Lung Detection data (n=2287). Time-dependent measures of model discrimination and calibration are reported. Results Age,...

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Background The World Health Organization recommends standardised treatment durations for patients with tuberculosis (TB). We identified and validated a host-RNA signature as a biomarker for individualised therapy durations for patients with drug-susceptible (DS)- and multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB. Methods Adult patients with pulmonary TB were prospectively enrolled into five independent cohorts in Germany and Romania. Clinical and microbiological data and whole blood for RNA transcriptomic analysis were collected at pre-defined time points throughout therapy. Treatment outcomes were ascertained by TBnet criteria (6-month culture status/1-year follow-up). A whole-blood RNA therapy-end model was developed in a multistep process involving a machine-learning algorithm to identify hypothetical individual end-of-treatment time points. Results 50 patients with DS-TB and 30 patients wi...

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Longitudinal evidence on the relation between dietary intake of n -3 (-3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mid-childhood and asthma risk is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether a higher intake of EPA and DHA from fish in childhood is associated with a lower risk of incident asthma. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, dietary intakes of EPA and DHA from fish were estimated by food frequency questionnaire at 7 years of age. We used logistic regression, controlling for confounders, to analyse associations between intake of EPA and DHA (quartiles) and incidence of doctor-diagnosed asthma at age 11 or 14 years, and explored potential effect modification by a fatty acid desaturase ( FADS ) polymorphism (rs1535). Replication was sought in the Swedish BAMSE birth cohort. There w...

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